Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

One of spectacular Jakarta's recreation and educational place is Taman Mini Indonesia Indah ( TMII ). The area covers 120 hectares in east Jakarta municipality. The concept of Mini Indonesia Indah is collecting and communicating the diversity of treasures of Indonesia. When you visit Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, you can see the whole of Indonesia in one day.
The idea of building a miniature which includes completeness of Indonesia with everything in it is triggered by the First Lady, Siti Hartinah, better known as Ibu Tien Soeharto. Through this miniature is expected to evoke a sense of pride and love for the fatherland in the entire Indonesian nation.
Almost every ethnic group in Indonesia has different shape and style buildings. Traditional buildings is built based on the environmental conditions and cultural assets. In TMII, the picture is realized through the Pavilion, which represents tribes located in 33 provinces in Indonesia
There are many recreation facilities. There are also Imax Theater In Keong Mas that plays a variety of films ranging from environmentally-themed films and the archipelago until the films box office that the resolution was changed to specifically for the IMAX theater.
In TMII there are various kinds of gardens that demonstrate the beauty of flora and fauna of Indonesia. We can also find many museum in TMII. The museum is intended to showcase the history, culture and technology such as the Indonesian Museum, Heritage Museum; such as : Museum of Transportation, and the Center for Science and Technology Demonstration.

The National Monument of Indonesia

The National Monument is one of the famous monuments in Indonesia. It is located in Central Jakarta. The National Monument is a 433 ft (132 meter) tower in the center of Merdeka Square. It is symbolizing the fight for Indonesia's independence. Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil.
The monument is designed by Frederich Silaban and R.M. Soedarsono. Soedarsono incorporated the numbers 17, 8 and 45, representing the 17 August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, in the dimensions of the monument. The monument is begun to build in n 17 Agustus 1961.
The memorial forms that one is very unique, is a stone made of marble obeliks yoni phallus-shaped fertility symbol based on Hindu culture. At the top of the national monument there is cup-shaped supporting bronze torches weighing 14.5 tons and 35 kg of gold coated. Torch or flame flaming is a symbol of fighting spirit that never goes out Indonesian citizen in gaining the independence.
On the outer yard encircling the monument, on each four corners, there are high reliefs of Indonesian History. The reliefs and statues were made from molded cement, but several of these statues are already damaged and have decayed due to torrential rain and the tropical climate.

Jatijajar Cave

Jatijajar cave was discovered by the local farmer.
Now, Jatijajar cave becomes the most interesting cave in Kebumen, Central Java, because it has stalactite and stalagmite, a natural process since thousand years ago. The name jatijajar came when there were two of jati trees growths in the mouth of the cave when the first time it found. The length of this cave is about 250 meters.
There is Kamandaka statue, which has its own legend. The legend inside the cave describing about the legend of Raden Kamandaka or lutung kasarung legend, which this story is represented by statues inside of cave. It is believed that the water, which is come from the 7 river stream, which are also call sendang, inside cave can make some one well preserved.
The cave complex is equipped by Dinosaurs statue discharges water from his mouth, the water comes from the sources inside the cave every day. We also can see monkey park which is located not far away from this cave.
It is very easy to reach this place. We can use the small bus, called angkot. Near the Jatijajar cave we can also find some restaurants and hotels.

Malioboro Street

Malioboro Street is centrally located in Yogyakarta. The street stretches from Tugu Railway Station to the Sultan's Keraton, spanning across some 2 1/2 kilometers in length.
Malioboro Street is a major shopping street in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; the name is also used more generally for the neighborhood around the street. The street has the most concentration of small and personalized sidewalk shops selling anything from Javanese handicrafts to funky clothes.
There are a number of large shopping outlets, apart from the regular and personalized traditional shops. The expansive Malioboro Mall is located almost midway towards the Sultan's Keraton. A store named Dagadu located on lower ground is the main highlight of the mall, selling funky and contemporary T-shirts that make good souvenirs. There is also a traditional market called Pasar Beringharjo selling all kinds of local goods.
The street looks modern and colorful, but if we look closer look, we will find the old-world charm in the form of refurbished colonial-age shop houses.
Along with fast-paced shopping experience, there are a number of hotels located on Jl Malioboro. There are also many restaurants nearby.
You will find the traditional modes of transportation that you may be tempted to try. There are three wheel pedal powered bicycle cart, known as becak. There are also a horse carriage, which is also known as andong or dokar.
Of course you have to pay to enjoy these traditional transportation. The lowest amount that you have to pay if you want to do such a short tour using becak is Rp. 10.000,00. It depends to where you want to go.

White Crater

Kawah Putih ( white crater ) is located 46 km or around 2.5 hours from Bandung. It took 20 minutes from the enter gate to the Kawah Putih. As long as our journey to Kawah Putih, we’ll se beautiful scenery and many species of tree. The weather is very cold, it’s around 8 – 22 celcius degree. Kawah Putih located in a mountain, named Mountain Patuha, 2434 above the see. At the first people thought that was the haunted place, because many birds died when they passed.

In 1837, Dr. Franz Wilhelm Junghun, the Dutch scientific, did the research and found that place is not haunted. Birds which died when they passed is because the sulfur lava. IN 1987, PT Perhutani decided to make this place as a tourism object. The water color of crater in this mountain is bright and often changes. There are stone and white sand in the surface of this crater, so it called white crater ( kawah putih ).

Before entered to the white crater, there is ATV ( All Terrain Vehicle ). It can be played while enjoying the beautiful scenery. IN the parking lots, there are many kiosk which sells strawberry, and also handicraft. OF course we have to pay for the ticket to enter and see the white crater.

Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is a symbol of China. Much kind of great wars and historical events had carved in those ancient walls.

The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Nur in the west. The most comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). This is made up of 6,259.6 km (3,889.5 mi) sections of actual wall, 359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km (1,387.2 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.

The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty, following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper-hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.

Much beautiful stories appear from those strong bricks. The stories that give the life to the walls. The story about how the dynasty fell, the love story that can really touch our heart.

That’s why this historical building becomes one of seven wonderfull places in the world.

Pelabuhan Ratu Beach

Pelabuhan Ratu is one of the holiday resorts which is usually visited by domestic tourists, especially from Jakarta and Bandung, who want to escape from the busy and crowded situation. This place is only three hours driven from Jakarta. Pelabuhan Ratu - Cisolok is a 15 km stretch of breathtaking beauty with hills, mountains and very wide sandy beaches, set against the deep blue Indian Ocean. There is one four-star hotel, Samudera Beach, about 6 km from Pelabuhan Ratu, but several other smaller hotel and cottages are available at moderate rates.

This place is believed as the home of the mysterious goddess of the South Sea, Nyai Roro Kidul. Don’t ever wear green or red colour on the beach or in the water because these are the favorite colours of Nyai Loro Kidul, the goddes of Pelabuhan Ratu who takes fishermen and swimmers who wears green or red into her watery kingdom.

This beach is good for surfing and sunbathing. Around of this place, there are nine places that are good for surfing; Batu Guram, Karang Sari, Samudra Beach, Cimaja, Karang Haji, Indicator, Sunset Beach, Ombak Tujuh and Ujung Genteng. They have their own characteristic wave.

Tanah Lot

Tanah Lot is one of the most popular interesting places in Bali. In Balinese language Tanah Lot means Land ( in the ) Sea. Tanah Lot temple is located in Tabanan, 20 km from Denpasar, the temple sits on a large offshore rock which has been shaped continuously over the years by the ocean tide.
The Tanah Lot temple is a part of Balinese mythology for centuries. This temple is one of seven sea temples around the Balinese coast. Each of the sea temples was established with eyesight of the next to form a chain along the south-western coast.
There are poisonous sea snakes, which are believed to guard the temple from evil spirits and intruders. A giant snake purportedly protects the temple, which was created from Nirata’s scarf when he established the island. The giant snake is more dangerous from the other snakes, because it has triple poison than the ordinary snake.
The area leading to Tanah Lot is highly commercialized and people have to pay to enter to the area. The right time to visit Tanah Lot temple is when the sunset comes, when the golden red skies frame the temple and waves crash into the rocks.

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is the name of the Buddhist temple, located in Magelang Jawa Tengah. Based on prasasti karangtengah, this temple was built by the King of Mataram, the reign of Sailendra dynasty, named Samaratungga. It was finished at the reign of Saratungga’s daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. It took a half century.
The monument's three divisions symbolize three stages of mental preparation towards the ultimate goal according to the Buddhist cosmology, namely Kamadhatu (the world of desires), Rupadhatu (the world of forms), and finally Arupadhatu (the formless world).
Kāmadhātu is represented by the base. Almost all of this part is covered by the heap of stones, estimated to make the construction sturdy. There is 120 panel story of Kammawibhangga at the part that covered by this additional structure. Some of the additional structure is omitted, so people can see the relief in this part.
Four floor with the relief wall called Ruphadatu. The floor is square. Ruphadatu is the world which already free from the desire but still bunched by the form and shape. This level symbolize the nature of between, that is low nature and up nature. At this part, Buddha’s statues were put in the ceruk’s wall.
From the fifth until the seventh floor, there is no relief on the wall. This level named Arupadhatu. The floor is round. This level symbolize the up nature, where human free from all of the desire, form and shape, but sill not achieve the nirwana. Buddha’s statues were put in stupa.
The highest level, showed no shape, symbolize by the biggest and highest stupa. In this biggest stupa, there is unfinished Buddha. Before it was thought as Adibuddha’s statue, but actually there is never a statue in the main stupa, the unfinished statue is the mistake of the carver. Based on their believe, the statue that wrong in the process of make shouldn’t be destroyed.

LOMBOK - AN UNSPOILED BALI

Lombok is often marketed as “an unspoiled Bali,” or “Bali’s sister island.” Everybody knows that Lombok is one of the best places to visit in Indonesia. Lombok has many great places to visit. Here Are some of the best places in Lombok :
Surga Beach
We can see great view in this beach. Surga beach has small hill surround it, and it’s the great place to hide from a busy life. It also has great wave for surving.
Sugud beach
No much people know about this place. White sand with some rock , rock cliff on right side, and the turtle island on left side, make it so beautiful and perfect for the rest place.
Bertok beach.
Bertok beach has great white sand and clear water. On the right side there is white rock cliff will tract the eyes. Great wave makes Bertok Beach becomes perfect place for surfing.

Gili Islands
These small coral-fringed islands are famous for their white sandy beaches and are. This is the right place to visit for them who is interested in sun and sand.

Museum Negeri Nusa Tenggara Barat
This modern museum has exhibits on the geology, history and culture of Lombok and Sumbawa. This museum is worth to visit if you intend to buy any antiques or handicrafts, have a look at the daggers, silver or gold-threaded cloth, basket ware and masks.

Pura Lingsar
It is located 6 km east of Mataram-the capital of Lombok. This large temple complex, built in 1714 and it is the holiest place on Lombok. The temple combines the Balinese Hindu and Wektu Telu religions in one complex. The Hindu temple in the northern section is higher than the Wektu Telu temple in the southern section.

Rinjani
Rinjani is the highest mountain in Lombok. It is an active volcano. The volcano is a popular destination for hikers and treks to the caldera are common.

LOVE SOMEONE or SOMEONE WHO LOVES YOU

From these two choices, I choose to love someone. Maybe, sometimes it is ridiculous and sounds selfish. But I have different view about it.
To love someone is not easy, because sometimes it will hurt us. Love doesn’t always have to have, although sometimes this heart wants to have it. Sincere love is the love that can keep us smile for the wound, sincere love is the love is the love that can keep us are tolerant even though we can not have it.
As the sun never stops to shine, and when the night comes, he still gives us its ray through the moon. We still can give and show our love even the one that we love is not ours, through the other ways, maybe friendship.
The more love we give, the more love we get, although maybe not for the same person.

Coronation of King George V and Coronation Pageant

Coronation of King George V

A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a monarch or their consort with regal power, specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head, and the presentation of other items of regalia. This ceremony may also include the taking of a special vow, acts of homage by the new ruler's subjects, and/or performance of other ritual deeds of special significance to a given nation. Coronation also happens in United Kingdom. When King Edward died on 6th May 1910, George became a new King of United Kingdom. The coronation of King George V and his wife took place at Westminster Abbey on 22nd June 1911 and that was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London.
Then, in 1911, the King George and Queen Victoria had traveled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India. George wore the newly-created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony in 11 December 1911. This coronation took place at Coronation Park on Burari road near Nirankari Sarovar in Delhi India.

Coronation pageant

The coronation of George V in 1911 inspired WSPU to organize its own spectacular coronation pageant . Coronation pageant means the public entertainment in which historical event of coronation of George V is acted. This coronation pageant involved over 60000 delegates dressed in national and historical costume.

Feminism

GENDER
1. Feminism
1.1 History of Feminism
At first, woman didn’t have an independent in job, they didn’t allow to got the same right in job like men, until they made a great step to get the same right like a men. The earliest women’s group within the Labour party was the Women’s Labour League. This was founded in 1906 with the purpose of encouraging support for the party amongst women. Although sharing some of the concerns of the equal rights feminists, the labour women were much closer to the new feminism of Eleanor Rathbone. Like the new feminist they believed that most women would make marriage and motherhood their main preoccupation throughout their lives and their greatest need, therefore, was for an improvement in their lives within the home. For this reason they placed a great deal of emphasis on the need for saver maternal health and improved housing, as well as financial assistance to families, whether this took the form of family allowances or assistance in kind.
In 1918 the main suffrage organization still in existence was the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), the constitutional wing of the prewar suffrage movement. Its rival, the Women’s social and Political Union (WSPU), led by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter, Christabel, had been disbanded at the outbreak of war in a wave of patriotic fervour on the part of the two Pankhursts. Apart from the NUWSS the most important suffrage group to survive the war was the Women’s Freedom League. This was itself a breakaway from the WSPU and represented a similar, if less violent, militant tradition.
A second international organization, the International council of women, founded as early as 1888, was conceived largely as an umbrella organization of other women’s groups. It did not at its inception concern itself with suffrage, but was involved nevertheless in a wide range of other women’s issues. During the 1920s the NUWSS, now the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship ( NUSEC ), was certainly the most important of the women’s groups, working for equal rights.

An examination of women’s groups associated directly with the labour and trade union movement has been reserved for another chapter, but the National Union of Women Teachers (NUWT) presents us with a special case. Although a trade union, the NUWT was heavily involved in a wide range of feminist issues outside its members professional concern as teachers. The struggle for equal pay was, it is true, their central concern, as was the fight against the marriage bar, but they were also active for many years in a number of other campaigns. At the same time their links were with other feminist groups rather than with the labour and trade union movement.
Initially NUSEC, like other feminist groups, was opposed to any legislation which limited women’s employment opportunities, but by the mid 1920s there were growing pressures from within the organization for a change of policy. found within the labour and trade union movement, and who believed sincerely that such legislation was necessary if working women were to be protected from harmful working conditions and excessive hours of work. Both Holtby and Brittain, in spite of their sympathies with the labour movement, had serious doubts about its consequences, since they believed that it carried the implication that women were the weaker sex. Brittain also argued against special privileges for women, since she believed that they weakened women’s claim for equal status and equal pay.
As a result of the controversy a new organization, the Open Door council, was formed in 1926, specifically to oppose restrictions on women’s employment opportunities, followed in 1929 by an international organization to work at the international level.
The birth control movement also attracted wide support from women’s groups. NUSEC for example came out in favour in 1926 and the National Council of Women in 1929. by the 1930s too there was growing interest amongst women’s group on the subject of abortion, sparked off by the large numbers of deaths in childbirth, believed to be to some extent the effect of illegal abortions. The National Council of Women was particularly anxious about the figures on maternal mortality and harassed the Ministry of Health on the issue. In October 1935, not long before the foundation of the Abortion Law Reform Association in 1936, they advocated a committee of enquiry and in 1935 passed the first of a series of resolutions, calling for abortion law reform.

This was because both the birth control movement and the abortion law reform campaign were able to take advantage of current anxieties about maternal and morbidity and the health of working class mothers in general.
The achievement of equal pas was however to prove more difficult since the Labour government of 1945, in spite of its support in principle, refused to implement the policy in practice. The Equal Pay Committee went out of existence in 1956 and a few years later the feminist NUWT also disbanded, driven to this by the lack of recruits from the new generation of teachers. The Women’s Freedom League also ceased to function in 1961.
During the 1950s therefore there was a loss of confidence in the feminists goals of the 1920s and 1930s, and especially in women’s right to independence whether this was seen in financial terms or in their right to a life of their own. Certainly if they were married they had no right to follow a career which threatened their prior responsibility to their husband and children
By the 1960s, there is evidence that the mood was changing, although it is not until the 1970s that the distinctive arguments of the modern feminists movement begin to widely heard. During the 1960s too, there was growing support for changes in family law to give greater protection to divorced and deserted wives, a support which owed a great deal to the fear aroused by proposals not only to make divorce easier but to make it possible for a man to divorce his wife without her consen

1.2 Figures
WINFRED HOLTBY
Born : in 1898
Parents : David Holtby (a Yorkshire farmer) and Alice Holtby.
Education : Winifred was educated at home by a governess and then at a boarding
school. She passed the entrance exam for Somerville College .
1918 : Winfred was joined the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps.
Soon after she arrived in France the First World War came to an end.
It was caused Winfred must left her school.
1919 : Returned to Somerville College. Here, Winfred met with Vera Brittain
(the other feminism figure in U.K), and then they were graduated together.
1921 : Holtby and Vera Brittain were moved to London.
In London,they hoped to establish themselves as writers.
Winfred’s creations : Winifred had more success in wrote than Vera. Her book creation
such as; Anderby Wold (1923), The Crowded Street (1924) and The
Land of Green Ginger (1927).
Career and work : Winifred was great demand as a journalist. She is also wrote for more
than twenty newspaper and magazine.
1931 : Winifred began to suffer with high-blood-pressure. With so many diseases
in her body, her doctor told her that she only had two years to live. Before she died, she still remaining all of remaining energy to finish her last book,
South Riding.
1935 : Winifred Holtby was died on 29th September, 1935.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Country : Great Britain.
Background : The Reform Acts of 1832, 1867 and 1884 extend the right to vote to all
British men. But women are excluded. Women and their supporters unite to
fight for full and equal voting rights.
1879 : She marries Richard Marsden Pankhurst, a lawyer who drafted an
amendment to the Municipal Franchise Act of 1869 which allowed
unmarried women householders to vote in local elections, and who wrote the
Married Women’s Property Acts in 1870 and 1882.
1889 : She helps found the Women’s Franchise League.
1894 : The league wins the right for married women to vote in elections for local
offices, but not the right for them to vote for the House of Commons.
1895 : She holds a succession of municipal offices in Manchester.
1903 : She founds the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in Manchester.
1905 : The suffrage movement attracts wide attention in October when two of its
members, Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney, are jailed. After being
thrown out of a Liberal Party election rally for demanding a statement about
votes for women, the two were arrested in the street for a technical assault
on the police but refused to pay their fines.
1917 : Because so many problems appeared and involved with law, the WSPU changes its name to the Women’s Party.
1918 : The Representation of People Act is passed in February. The act gives the vote to women over 30.

1926 : Pankhurst returns to England and is chosen as the Conservative candidate for an east London seat, but her health fails before she can be elected.
1928 : She dies on 14 June in London, a few weeks after the Representation of the People Act establishing voting equality for men and women is passed.

Vera Brittain

Born : Vera Mary Brittain was born in Newcastle Under Lyme on December, 29th 1893.
Nationality : English.
Parent : Hanley and Cheddleton.
Occupation : Writer, author, and journalist.
Spouse : George Catlin.
Children : John Brittain-Catlin, Shirley Williams.
Education : St Monica’s, Kingswood in Surrey where her aunt was principal. Studying English Literature at Somerville College, Oxford, she delayed her degree after one year in the summer of 1915 in order to work as a nurse for much of the First World War.
1923 : Brittain was Published her first novel, The Dark Tide. After that, Vera continue to publish another her novel, such as; Testament of Friendship (1940) – her tribute to and biography of Winifred Holtby – and Testament of Experience (1957).
1925 : Brittain married George Catlin, a political scientist and philosopher.
1970 : Vera Brittain died on March, 29th 1970.

1.3 Their Work
As the explained above, the three woman figures in United Kingdom has an amazing work to woman progress there. As we know, Winfred Holtby works as writer and journalist for more than twenty years in newspaper and magazine. Holtby has some great novels from her written, such as; Anderby Wold (1923), The Crowded Street (1924) and TheLand of Green Ginger (1927). Even, holtby had more success than her old friend, Vera Brittain in novel world.
About Vera Brittain, she had ever worked as a nurse for much of the First World War. She also worked as a novel writer. Her first novel is The Dark Tide. And her another novel such as; Testament of Friendship (1940) – her tribute to and biography of Winifred Holtby – and Testament of Experience (1957).
Different from other woman figure, Emmeline Pankhurst. She worked as a political who attempt for woman liberation in vote. She has ever jailed for her effort. Even she still continue her effort until she die and finally she can get her dream.

2. Government Treatment Towards Men & Women
2.1 Jobs
Employers recruitment practices risk discrimination claims
UK organizations could be leaving themselves open to discrimination payouts of millions of pounds from job seekers, according to a report by The Work Foundation, which highlights inadequate monitoring of job applicants for diversity.
The survey of 470 private and public sector employers – Recruitment and Selection – shows that one-third of organizations fail to monitor the diversity of external job applicants and 38% do not assess the diversity of internal candidates.
Under employment law, it is illegal for employers to discriminate against applicants on the basis of sex, disability or race. From December 2003, it will also be illegal to discriminate on the grounds of sexual orientation and religion or belief. Legislation prohibiting age discrimination

will not come into effect until December 2006.
The report by The Work Foundation also highlights the tendency among many employers to encourage word-of-mouth candidates. Just over a quarter (27%) of respondents say they have a policy of actively encouraging employees to recommend friends.
The Commission for Racial Equality and the Equal Opportunities Commission both warn against word-of-mouth recruitment where the workforce is predominantly composed of one sex or racial group – a practice that tends to perpetuate any existing imbalance.

2.2 Education
In early and middle of 90’s, inequality in education happened in United Kingdom. The Inequality is the difference male and female in education happened on subject which took by them. Majority of female students prefer to home economics, religious studies, modern languages, English literature and social studies (more than two – third students taking the subjects were female). Of course, the choice of subjects will implicate to further to choice career in life for future equality.Of course it’s implicated some conflicts in education world. Let’s see to below information.

The solution of all that appear on 21st century. Inequality in curriculum can be reduced by a national curriculum which provides a common entitlement to all pupils. We need to ensure that future debate about the national curricula is informed by principles of equality.

2.3 Insurance
As from 6th April 2008, UK insurers who use gender as a factor in the calculation of premiums and benefits have been required to publish the data on which such assessment in based.
The rule stems from the UK’s implementation of the EU Gender Directive 2004, which required all member states to apply the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and the supply of goods and services, including insurance.

3. The Force Supporting Equality in Gender
3.1 Institutions
1. Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU).
This institution was established at October 1903 and ended at 1917. WSPU founded in Manchester by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters. The WSPU aimed to ‘wake up the nation’ to the cause of women suffrage through ‘Deeds not Words’. In 1906 the headquarters of WSPU is relocated to London cause the transformed the suffrage movement.
For the next eight years, the fight to vote became a highly public and sometimes violent struggle played out against backdrop of Edwardian London. WSPU attracted the public by taking their campaign to streets. The suffragettes became a familiar sight in central London with purple, white and green color scheme. A London base provided the opportunities for staging spectacular demonstration. Women’s Sunday in June 1908, the first ‘monster meeting’ is held by WSPU, brought suffragettes from all over the United Kingdom to march in seven different processions trough central London to Hyde Park. The highly choreographed demonstration attracted a crowd of up to 300,000, drawn by the spectacle of the delegates dressed in the suffragette tricolor and carrying over 700 banners.
The Coronation of George V in 1911 inspired the WSPU to organize its own spectacular coronation pageant. The four-mile suffragette Coronation Procession through central London culminated in a rally at the Royal Albert Hall and involved over 60,000 delegates dressed in national and historical costume. The suffragette campaign was masterminded from WSPU headquarters, initially established at 4 element’s Inn, Strand and, from 1912, at Lincoln’s Inn, Kingsway. Both salaried and volunteer office staff organized fund-raising events, public meetings and demonstrations and produced the weekly newspaper, Votes for Women, which had a circulation of 22,000 by 1909. The WSPU established 90 branches throughout the United Kingdom but London remained the chief area of support with 34 local offices.

2. Townswomen’s Guild
The Townswomen’s Guild is a British women’s organization. Townswomen’s Guilds were formed at the instigation of Margery Corbett Ashby and Eva Hubback as an experiment in the study of citizenship in 1929. The first four guilds formed were: Haywards Heath , Burnt Oak , Moulsecoomb and Romsey . Townswomen are encouraged to have ideas and views, develop new skills, campaign on various issues, support each other, make new friends and above all, have fun. There are approximately 34,000 members, 840 branches and 86 Federations throughout England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland .(Figures updated February 1st 2010).
In 1932, 146 guilds had now been formed. At the Annual General Meeting it was agreed to drop all political propaganda and to concentrate on the education of women as citizens . This resulted in the resignation of several members who subsequently formed the National Council for Equal Citizenship .
The organization changed its name to the National Union of Townswomen’s Guilds (NUTG) in 1933.

3. National Federation of Women’s Institutes
This organization was established at 1915 and ended at 1992.

4. Fawcett Society
The Fawcett Society is an organization in the United Kingdom which claims to promote feminism and campaign for women’s rights. It is a registered charity with the Charity Commission. It grew out of the suffragist movement of the second half of the 19th century, and in 1953 was renamed the Fawcett Society, in honour of founder Millicent Fawcett who led the peaceful suffragist movement. It had previously been called the London and National Society for

Women’s Service , and originally the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies . The organisation states that it campaigns on “women’s representation in politics and public life; pay, pensions and poverty; valuing caring work; and the treatment of women in the justice system”. The library and archives of the Society, formerly the Fawcett Library , are now part of the Women’s Library at London Metropolitan University .

5. Women’s Institute for Secure Retire.
This organization founded at 1996.

3.2 The Conflict of Struggle They Have
There are some conflicts in United Kingdom in effort to get same right same as men. For example in early of 20th century when Emmeline Pankhurst, woman figure in United Kingdom, found an organization which are uniting political woman. It called Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU). In 1906 Pankhurst organized marches and rallies and campaigns against the Liberal government’s candidates at elections. Her followers interrupt meetings of Cabinet ministers. The women are disparaged as “suffragettes” by the ‘Daily Mail’ newspaper but the movement proudly adopts the description. Pankhurst was jailed in 1908 because of the incident.
After that, WSPU and Pankhurst’s attempt still continue. On 18 November 1910, a deputation from the WSPU including Pankhurst attempts to gain admission to the House of Commons to see Prime Minister Asquith and protest against the dropping of the Conciliation Bill, which would have given women the vote. But Pankhurst is refused entry by the police. So, it develops into a riot when the women try to break through the police lines. Over 100 women are arrested on charges varying from disturbing the peace to assaulting police officers, although most

charges are subsequently dropped. Many of the women accuse the police of brutality. The day comes to be known to the suffragettes as ‘Black Friday’.
The debated about the woman right to participate in voting still continue until Pankhurst die on June, 14th 1928. A few weeks after the Representation of the People Act establishing voting equality for men and women is passed.

3.3 Specific Field
Either of real application happened in education world. Men and women are different from the subject which taken by them. As we know from explanation before, Majority of female students prefer to home economics, religious studies, modern languages, English literature and social studies (more than two – third students taking the subjects were female). So, we can draw a conclusion that they are some subjects that taken by men pupil, but didn’t take by women pupil. Contrary, they are some subjects that take by women pupil, but aren’t taken by men pupil.

4. Inequality Happening in UK
4.1 Education
The relationship between education and social-class inequality was one of the classic problems in the UK. Both political and academic changed in the 1980s, most obviously because New Right ideology regarded social inequality as a not particularly important. The idea of something approaching a common curriculum was debated by radicals as far back as the 1920s, as part of their campaign for ’secondary education for all’, and was no real preparation for life as a citizen in a democracy. In 1950s, research on this has been most thorough in Scotland, where Gamoran (1996a,b) has shown that the common curriculum at ages 14-16 that was developed in the 1980s reduced social class differences in access to a reasonably broad range of knowledge.

For example, he found that, in the early 1980s, only some 20% of the most socially deprived students were studying mathematics at these ages, in contrast to 86% of the most socially advantaged students. By the early 1990s, the advantaged proportion had risen to 97%.

4.2 Get a Job
In Great Britain overall, women working full-time earn:
18.5% less than men’s average hourly earnings excluding overtime,
17.9% less than men’s average hourly earnings including overtime, and
25.2% less than men’s average weekly earnings in April 2001.
However in some parts of Great Britain the gender gap in pay was wider and in some parts narrower.
Hourly earnings for both sexes were higher in England than Scotland or Wales. Earnings in England are highest in London, where women and men earned an average of £12.99 and £16.62 per hour respectively. The next highest earnings were found in the South East, followed by the East. The lowest average hourly earnings for women were £8.52 per hour in the East Midlands and the North East, whilst the lowest average earnings for men in England was £10.15 per hour in the North East.
The biggest gender pay gap was found in London, where women earned as much as 21.8% per hour less than men. The smallest gap was found in Wales, where women earned 12.3% less than men. This is partly due to low male earnings in Wales, which at £10.01 per hour are lower than in any of the English regions or Scotland.
Given that hourly rates of pay were highest in London it is not surprising that weekly earnings are also highest in London. On average women earned £483 and men earned £668 per week (pw). The lowest average weekly earnings for women (£318pw) were in the North East and for men (£412pw) were in Wales.

Again the largest gender pay gap for weekly earnings was in London and the South East, where women earned 27.6% and 27.5% respectively less than men’s weekly earnings. The smallest pay gap was again in Wales, where women earned 20.6% less than men’s weekly earnings.
Comparing occupational groups, the highest average hourly rate of pay for women and men was for health professionals, with averages of £19.58 and £25.15 per hour respectively. Even in this group, women earn 22.1% less than men. Women earn slightly more than men on average in protective service (2.4%) and secretarial (1.1%) occupations.
On average, hourly pay (excluding overtime hours and pay) is highest for men in banking, insurance and pension provision, where the gender pay gap is widest, and women earned 42.9% less than men. The highest pay rates for women were in the education and banking, insurance and pension provision sectors. Education is one of four sectors where women earned 90% or more of men’s hourly earnings. The other sectors being agriculture, hunting and forestry, construction, and transport, storage and communication.

4.3 Life Insurance
Insurance companies often charge different rates for men and women:
As from 6th April 2008, UK insurers who use gender as a factor in the calculation of premiums and benefits have been required to publish the data on which such assessment is based.
The rule stems from the UK’s implementation of the EU Gender Directive 2004, which required all member states to apply the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and the supply of goods and services, including insurance.
Insurers in the UK were already prevented from treating men and women differently under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (and in Northern Ireland the Sex Discrimination (Northern Ireland) Order 1976).
The Act, however, included an exemption allowing insurers to discriminate on gender grounds, provided it was with reference to “actuarial or other data from a source on which it was reasonable to rely” and the treatment was reasonable “having regard to that data and any other relevant factors”.

As a result, insurers have continued to take gender into account in the calculation of premiums and benefits in life and critical illness policies, annuities, private medical insurance, travel insurance, motor insurance and other types of cover where data shows that the sex of the insured can have an effect on the risk.
The Gender Directive did not alter that position, but it tightened up the scope of the exemption.
It provided that member states could allow “proportionate differences” in premium and benefits where the use of sex is a “determining factor” in the assessment of risk “based on relevant and accurate actuarial and statistical data”, provided member states ensure that such data is “compiled, published and regularly updated” (article 5).
The Directive also prohibited differences in premium and benefits resulting from costs relating to pregnancy and maternity.

United Kingdom

Are United Kingdom and Great Britain the same ?

No, they are different. United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy consisting of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
• The capital city of England is London.
• The capital city of Northern Ireland is Belfast
• The capital city of Scotland is Edinburgh .
• The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.

What is county ?

County is a land area of local government in a country. A county may have cities and towns. United Kingdom is divided into a lot of number of counties.



What is Union Jack ?



Union Jack is the national flag of the United Kingdom. It is called Union Jack because it consists of three emblems of three countries which are united under one Kingdom. Union Jack consist of three flags; St. George from England, St. Andrews from Scotland, and St. Patrick from Northern Ireland. Wales’s flag doesn’t give any contribution because Wales has united with England a few years ago before United Kingdom created.
The name of Union Jack comes from Queen Anne ( 1702 – 1714 ), but from where the name is taken still uncertain. Many opinions about where Jack is taken. Maybe it is from ‘jack-et’ which take from the name of the English or Scottish soldiers; or from the name of James I which was the King of the United Kingdom in 1603, James, either in Latin or French is from Jacobus or Jacques; or ‘Jack’ which meant small, the name may be derived from a royal proclamation issued by Charles II that the Union Flag should be flown only by ship of The Royal Navy as a jack ( a small flag at the bow spirit ).
Each of the flags which are united become Union Jack has their own meaning and story.

 St. George


In 1194, Richard I of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white ground, as the National Flag of England.
Actually, St. George was a brave Roman soldier who protested against the Romans' torture of Christians and died for his beliefs. The popularity of St. George in England stems from the time of the early Crusades when it is said that the Normans saw him in a vision and were victorious.
One of the best-known stories about St. George is his fight with a dragon. But it is highly unlikely that he ever fought a dragon, and even more unlikely that he ever actually visited England. Despite this, St. George is known throughout the world as the dragon-slaying patron saint of England.
St. George is always depicted as a knight carrying a shield with a red cross (or a banner with a red cross), generally sits upon a horse and always kills a dragon.


 St. Andrew


Saint Andrew is the Patron Saint of Scotland. The flag of Scotland is the Cross of St. Andrew, and this is widely displayed as a symbol of national identity.
The "Order of Saint Andrew" or the "Most Ancient Order of the Thistle" is an order of Knighthood which is restricted to the King or Queen and sixteen others. It was established by James VII of Scotland in 1687.
Just a few things are known about St. Andrew. He was thought as a fisherman in Galilee (now part of Israel), along with his elder brother Simon Peter (Saint Peter). Both of them became followers of Jesus Christ, founder of the Christian religion.
St. Andrew is said to have been responsible for spreading the tenets of the Christian religion though Asia Minor and Greece. Tradition suggests that St. Andrew was killed by the Romans in Patras, Southern Greece by being pinned to a cross (crucified). The diagonal shape of this cross is said to be the basis for the Cross of St. Andrew which appears on the Scottish Flag.


 St. Patrick

Saint Patrick was known as a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland.
When he was 16 years old, he was caught by Irish riders and taken as a slave in Ireland. But he tried to escape, and turned back to his family. After he entered into the church, he came back to Ireland as an ordained bishop in the north and west of the island, but not all of the people knew about the places where he worked and there is no contemporary evidence for any link between Patrick and any known church building.
By the eighth century he had come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland.




Republic Of Ireland

Kingdom of Ireland (1541—1801) merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 under the terms of the Act of Union, under which the kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain merged under a government and parliament based in London, under King Henry Grattan. In the early 20th century, Unionists led by Sir Edward Carson opposed the introduction of Home Rule in Ireland. Until in 1921, Ireland was partitioned , with the unionist -dominated north-east becoming Northern Ireland , while later, in 1922, the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State .